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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Logarithmische Normalverteilung</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>logarithmische Normalverteilung</b> (kurz <b>Log-Normalverteilung</b>) ist eine kontinuierliche <a href="Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung">Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung</a> für eine Variable, die nur positive Werte annehmen kann. Sie beschreibt die Verteilung einer <a href="Zufallsvariable" title="Zufallsvariable">Zufallsvariablen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn die mit dem Logarithmus transformierte Zufallsvariable <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=\ln(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=\ln(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bba96c80f1e6157e3e90ac2cf0b39ec7ef20be0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.6ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=\ln(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Normalverteilung" title="Normalverteilung">normalverteilt</a> ist.
Sie bewährt sich als Modell für viele Messgrößen in Naturwissenschaften, Medizin und Technik, beispielsweise für Energien, Konzentrationen, Längen und Mengenangaben.
</p><p>In Analogie zu einer normalverteilten Zufallsvariablen, die nach dem <a href="Zentraler_Grenzwertsatz" title="Zentraler Grenzwertsatz">zentralen Grenzwertsatz</a> als <a href="Summe" title="Summe">Summe</a> vieler verschiedener Zufallsvariablen aufgefasst werden kann, entsteht eine logarithmisch normalverteilte Zufallsvariable durch das <a href="Produkt_(Mathematik)" title="Produkt (Mathematik)">Produkt</a> vieler positiver Zufallsvariablen. Somit ist die Log-Normalverteilung die einfachste Verteilungsart für multiplikative <a href="Zufallsprozess" class="mw-redirect" title="Zufallsprozess">Zufallsprozesse</a>. Da multiplikative Gesetze in den Naturwissenschaften, der Ökonomie und der Technik eine größere Rolle spielen als additive, ist die Log-Normalverteilung in vielen Anwendungen diejenige, die der Theorie am besten entspricht – der zweite Grund, weshalb sie vielfach anstelle der gewöhnlichen, additiven Normalverteilung verwendet werden sollte.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erzeugung">Erzeugung</h3></div>
<p>Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span> eine standardnormalverteilte Zufallsvariable ist, dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu +\sigma Z}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu }(\mathrm {e} ^{Z})^{\sigma }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu +\sigma Z}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu }(\mathrm {e} ^{Z})^{\sigma }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/451f9e3038026c476d76bc4d245dc97cd20db526.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.53ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu +\sigma Z}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu }(\mathrm {e} ^{Z})^{\sigma }}" loading="lazy"></span> log-normalverteilt mit den Parametern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma &gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/762ecd0f0905dd0d4d7a07f80fa8bfb324b9b021.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma >0}" loading="lazy"></span>, geschrieben als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {LN}}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {LN}}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e648bfecaf296cc5846abc14091f7b872b989cb5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.508ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {LN}}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}" loading="lazy"></span>. Alternativ können als Parameter die Größen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a271ade27d244a967abb1c26665b5f03826d4da9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.81ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}=\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma }>1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}=\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma }&gt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dbbffd0c20cd428ce2037ba2e6c437feaf81c84b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.949ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}=\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma }>1}" loading="lazy"></span> verwendet werden. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/670d0d4db6668c13d249c92fb99c34d2a9f236f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist ein Skalen-Parameter. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> oder ebenso <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65f4dfaabbd9ff3a498984dd4fdc62af5ed24ecc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.385ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmt die Form der Verteilung.
</p><p>Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> log-normalverteilt ist, dann ist auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=aX}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=aX}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e35296fd55e2bddb312bc68498013188df2d813f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.082ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=aX}" loading="lazy"></span> log-normalverteilt, und zwar mit den Parametern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln(a)+\mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln(a)+\mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a8f89171895b81b51b94daaff155b2970238840.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.221ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln(a)+\mu }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> respektive <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\mu ^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\mu ^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab8f0a72da7229d8f3c4e75b5d0b67a28fec438b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.686ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\mu ^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65f4dfaabbd9ff3a498984dd4fdc62af5ed24ecc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.385ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Ebenso ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X^{b}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X^{b}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0796088b8a57e4f638a0d4c624eae010d43e879.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.934ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X^{b}}" loading="lazy"></span> log-normalverteilt, mit den Parametern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b\mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b\mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b3446a114d9b76af19f81b8eac5cf62a7c59528.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.399ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b\mu }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b\sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b\sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65aced1f490067d28a2f6dea9ef99df3e9fac596.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.327ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b\sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> respektive <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mu ^{*})^{b}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mu ^{*})^{b}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab776b7fe7d44a667cd9a0428e4f6b378ecea6ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.203ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mu ^{*})^{b}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\sigma ^{*})^{b}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\sigma ^{*})^{b}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/502b6ea2d7f15f6d4916c38cb684196f1f6e854b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.132ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\sigma ^{*})^{b}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dichtefunktion">Dichtefunktion</h3></div>
<p>Eine stetige, positive <a href="Zufallsvariable" title="Zufallsvariable">Zufallsvariable</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> unterliegt einer logarithmischen Normalverteilung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {LN}}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {LN}}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e648bfecaf296cc5846abc14091f7b872b989cb5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.508ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {LN}}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> mit den Parametern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu \in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu \in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a9a48f0e84328dc53dec2ad301bb321c00dcf422.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.92ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu \in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma \in \mathbb {R} ,\sigma >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma \in \mathbb {R} ,\sigma &gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eca08c2336a6973ce63998eb698f36725df62f74.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.473ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma \in \mathbb {R} ,\sigma >0}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn die transformierte Zufallsvariable <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=\ln(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=\ln(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bba96c80f1e6157e3e90ac2cf0b39ec7ef20be0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.6ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=\ln(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> einer <a href="Normalverteilung" title="Normalverteilung">Normalverteilung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/863304aaa42a945f2f07d79facc3d2eebc845ce7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.062ex; width:8.966ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt. Ihre Dichtefunktion ist dann
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {1}{{\sqrt {2\pi }}\sigma x}}\,\exp {\Big (}-{\frac {(\ln(x)-\mu )^{2}}{2\sigma ^{2}}}{\Big )}={\frac {1}{x\sigma }}\varphi \left({\frac {\ln(x)-\mu }{\sigma }}\right),\quad x>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {1}{{\sqrt {2\pi }}\sigma x}}\,\exp {\Big (}-{\frac {(\ln(x)-\mu )^{2}}{2\sigma ^{2}}}{\Big )}={\frac {1}{x\sigma }}\varphi \left({\frac {\ln(x)-\mu }{\sigma }}\right),\quad x&gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae54e58d768166bd50e77eaf84a3e593e3f93339.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:70.205ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {1}{{\sqrt {2\pi }}\sigma x}}\,\exp {\Big (}-{\frac {(\ln(x)-\mu )^{2}}{2\sigma ^{2}}}{\Big )}={\frac {1}{x\sigma }}\varphi \left({\frac {\ln(x)-\mu }{\sigma }}\right),\quad x>0}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> die Dichtefunktion der Standardnormalverteilung bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verteilungsfunktion">Verteilungsfunktion</h3></div>

<p>Damit hat die Log-Normalverteilung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2608e2b392b079f5b763f27bf52883dbee3b64a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Verteilungsfunktion" title="Verteilungsfunktion">Verteilungsfunktion</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(x)=\int _{0}^{x}f(t)\,\mathrm {d} t=\Phi \left({\frac {\ln(x)-\mu }{\sigma }}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(x)=\int _{0}^{x}f(t)\,\mathrm {d} t=\Phi \left({\frac {\ln(x)-\mu }{\sigma }}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f7fa8d310be55f610b3ab229b60ab698ad90a5bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:37.19ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(x)=\int _{0}^{x}f(t)\,\mathrm {d} t=\Phi \left({\frac {\ln(x)-\mu }{\sigma }}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aed80a2011a3912b028ba32a52dfa57165455f24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi }" loading="lazy"></span> die Verteilungsfunktion der <a href="Standardnormalverteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardnormalverteilung">Standardnormalverteilung</a> bezeichnet.
</p><p>Die Verteilungsfunktion der logarithmischen Normalverteilung erscheint auf logarithmisch geteiltem <a href="Wahrscheinlichkeitspapier" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahrscheinlichkeitspapier">Wahrscheinlichkeitspapier</a> als Gerade.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mehrdimensionale_log-Normalverteilung">Mehrdimensionale log-Normalverteilung</h3></div>
<p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {Z}}\sim {\mathcal {N}}({\boldsymbol {\mu }},\,{\boldsymbol {\Sigma }})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {Z}}\sim {\mathcal {N}}({\boldsymbol {\mu }},\,{\boldsymbol {\Sigma }})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9af1b0fb2d32b2313103ee8954da8caaab206813.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.051ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {Z}}\sim {\mathcal {N}}({\boldsymbol {\mu }},\,{\boldsymbol {\Sigma }})}" loading="lazy"></span>
ein <a href="Multivariate_Normalverteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Multivariate Normalverteilung">mehrdimensional (oder multivariat) normalverteilter</a> <a href="Zufallsvektor" title="Zufallsvektor">Zufallsvektor</a>.
Dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {X}}=\exp({\boldsymbol {Z}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">X</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {X}}=\exp({\boldsymbol {Z}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4f11f01c586504eda65039ca433849cc0d785e7d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.546ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {X}}=\exp({\boldsymbol {Z}})}" loading="lazy"></span> (d.&nbsp;h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{j}=\exp(Z_{j})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{j}=\exp(Z_{j})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5e9b777e0bd8327bf7e6afab6748db3f364ef311.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.791ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{j}=\exp(Z_{j})}" loading="lazy"></span>) multivariat log-normalverteilt.
Die mehrdimensionale Log-Normalverteilung ist viel weniger bedeutsam als die eindimensionale. Deshalb bezieht sich der nachfolgende Text fast ausschließlich auf den eindimensionalen Fall.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantile">Quantile</h3></div>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{(p)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{(p)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/194f60b102110ecaf20b0ff24149ea777284ff92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:3.668ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{(p)}}" loading="lazy"></span> das p-<a href="Quantil_(Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)" title="Quantil (Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)">Quantil</a> einer <a href="Standardnormalverteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardnormalverteilung">Standardnormalverteilung</a> (d.&nbsp;h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi (u_{(p)})=p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi (u_{(p)})=p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eaad45d0bb28e7e2b5addf622fe4bae0274e0ce5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:11.423ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi (u_{(p)})=p}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aed80a2011a3912b028ba32a52dfa57165455f24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi }" loading="lazy"></span> die Verteilungsfunktion der Standardnormalverteilung sei), so ist das p-Quantil der Log-Normalverteilung gegeben durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{(p)}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu +u_{(p)}\cdot \sigma }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{(p)}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu +u_{(p)}\cdot \sigma }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db7706939b608d0ccd280480d7e0311f90f23740.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:14.513ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{(p)}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu +u_{(p)}\cdot \sigma }}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Median,_multiplikativer_Erwartungswert"><span id="Median.2C_multiplikativer_Erwartungswert"></span>Median, multiplikativer Erwartungswert</h3></div>
<p>Der <a href="Median_(Stochastik)" title="Median (Stochastik)">Median</a> der logarithmischen Normalverteilung beträgt demnach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a271ade27d244a967abb1c26665b5f03826d4da9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.81ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu }}" loading="lazy"></span>. Er wird auch <i>multiplikativer</i> oder <i>geometrischer</i> Erwartungswert genannt (vgl. <a href="Geometrisches_Mittel" title="Geometrisches Mittel">geometrisches Mittel</a>). Er ist ein Skalen-Parameter, da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}(aX)=a\mu ^{*}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}(aX)=a\mu ^{*}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5178177a9d39c7dc25b2f5a7e7ce5142d868cc5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.049ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}(aX)=a\mu ^{*}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiplikative_Standardabweichung">Multiplikative Standardabweichung</h3></div>
<p>In Analogie zum multiplikativen Erwartungswert ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}=\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}=\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ab164578a10ad27d569c01d135ccb68fd6aefd5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.688ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}=\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma }}" loading="lazy"></span> die <i>multiplikative</i> oder <i>geometrische</i> Standardabweichung. Sie bestimmt (ebenso wie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> selbst) die Form der Verteilung. Es gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}>1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}&gt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ef202403739e79ceaa3bc1a4386f160e2ca8ed4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.646ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}>1}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Da das multiplikative oder geometrische Mittel einer Stichprobe von lognormalen Beobachtungen (siehe „Parameterschätzung“ unten) selbst log-normalverteilt ist, kann man seine Standardabweichung angeben, sie beträgt
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\sigma ^{*})^{1/{\sqrt {n}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\sigma ^{*})^{1/{\sqrt {n}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28f2e8e88a0a8b7452553f4be110302c6260d702.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.425ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\sigma ^{*})^{1/{\sqrt {n}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erwartungswert">Erwartungswert</h3></div>
<p>Der <a href="Erwartungswert" title="Erwartungswert">Erwartungswert</a> der logarithmischen Normalverteilung beträgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (X)=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu +{\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (X)=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu +{\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ee3059e4cbe15b4483c0a00f7120d79af2271f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.406ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (X)=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu +{\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modus">Modus</h3></div>
<p>Der <a href="Modus_(Statistik)" title="Modus (Statistik)">Modus</a>, also der häufigste Wert der Verteilung bzw. der Wert, für den die Dichtefunktion ihr Maximum annimmt, beträgt für die logarithmische Normalverteilung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Modus} (X)=x_{D}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu -\sigma ^{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Modus</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Modus} (X)=x_{D}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu -\sigma ^{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b202d2e742fcba6e0dacd93f1e316c112d345f96.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.01ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Modus} (X)=x_{D}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu -\sigma ^{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varianz,_Standardabweichung,_Variationskoeffizient"><span id="Varianz.2C_Standardabweichung.2C_Variationskoeffizient"></span>Varianz, Standardabweichung, Variationskoeffizient</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Varianz_(Stochastik)" title="Varianz (Stochastik)">Varianz</a> ergibt sich zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} (X)=\mathrm {e} ^{2\mu +\sigma ^{2}}(\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Var</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} (X)=\mathrm {e} ^{2\mu +\sigma ^{2}}(\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4f6e3b7d55818126736a3b57d7d3f4927ddb6331.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.683ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} (X)=\mathrm {e} ^{2\mu +\sigma ^{2}}(\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Für die <a href="Standardabweichung_(Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardabweichung (Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)">Standardabweichung</a> ergibt sich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\operatorname {Var} (X)}}={\sqrt {\mathrm {e} ^{2\mu +\sigma ^{2}}(\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1)}}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu +{\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{2}}}\cdot {\sqrt {\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>Var</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\operatorname {Var} (X)}}={\sqrt {\mathrm {e} ^{2\mu +\sigma ^{2}}(\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1)}}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu +{\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{2}}}\cdot {\sqrt {\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5fc03a6e9dcc7e1992e70edd2d9effbbd10b79ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:50.407ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\operatorname {Var} (X)}}={\sqrt {\mathrm {e} ^{2\mu +\sigma ^{2}}(\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1)}}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu +{\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{2}}}\cdot {\sqrt {\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Aus <a href="Erwartungswert" title="Erwartungswert">Erwartungswert</a> und <a href="Varianz_(Stochastik)" title="Varianz (Stochastik)">Varianz</a> erhält man unmittelbar den <a href="Variationskoeffizient" title="Variationskoeffizient">Variationskoeffizienten</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {VarK} (X)={\sqrt {\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>VarK</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {VarK} (X)={\sqrt {\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a8f1f9780f52dcc200f87a06cb6ba840455d3efb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:21.877ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {VarK} (X)={\sqrt {\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schiefe">Schiefe</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Schiefe_(Statistik)" title="Schiefe (Statistik)">Schiefe</a> ergibt sich zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma _{m}=(\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}+2){\sqrt {\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1}}>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma _{m}=(\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}+2){\sqrt {\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1}}&gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea9f4add3b543ae215bd6188cc64d9aaccfc3a2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:28.452ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma _{m}=(\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}+2){\sqrt {\mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}}-1}}>0}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>d.&nbsp;h., die Log-Normalverteilung ist rechtsschief.
</p><p>Je größer die Differenz zwischen Erwartungswert und Median, desto ausgeprägter ist i.&nbsp;a. die <a href="Schiefe_(Statistik)" title="Schiefe (Statistik)">Schiefe</a> einer Verteilung. Hier unterscheiden sich diese Parameter um den Faktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}/2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}/2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/11662a1957e93ceae3e6e055db51e054918b12a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.681ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\sigma ^{2}/2}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit für extrem große Ausprägungen ist also bei der Log-Normalverteilung mit großem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> hoch.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Momente">Momente</h3></div>
<p>Es existieren alle <a href="Moment_(Stochastik)" title="Moment (Stochastik)">Momente</a> und es gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (X^{n})=\mathrm {e} ^{n\mu +{\frac {n^{2}\sigma ^{2}}{2}}},\quad n\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (X^{n})=\mathrm {e} ^{n\mu +{\frac {n^{2}\sigma ^{2}}{2}}},\quad n\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f951c19fed9bd135d28df72d6d0374ddff958a3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.498ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (X^{n})=\mathrm {e} ^{n\mu +{\frac {n^{2}\sigma ^{2}}{2}}},\quad n\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Momenterzeugende_Funktion" title="Momenterzeugende Funktion">momenterzeugende Funktion</a> und die <a href="Charakteristische_Funktion_(Stochastik)" title="Charakteristische Funktion (Stochastik)">charakteristische Funktion</a> existieren für die Log-Normalverteilung nicht in expliziter Form.
</p><p>Die Lognormalverteilung ist ein Beispiel einer Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung, die durch die Angabe aller Momente nicht charakterisiert ist, da es andere Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen mit denselben Momenten gibt.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entropie">Entropie</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Entropie_(Informationstheorie)" title="Entropie (Informationstheorie)">Entropie</a> der logarithmischen Normalverteilung (ausgedrückt in <a href="Nit_(Informationseinheit)" title="Nit (Informationseinheit)">nats</a>) beträgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu +{\frac {1}{2}}\ln \left(2\pi \mathrm {e} \sigma ^{2}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu +{\frac {1}{2}}\ln \left(2\pi \mathrm {e} \sigma ^{2}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f65ff4fe5c9fefa89649b33b5a43ddb57b57ad2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:16.609ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu +{\frac {1}{2}}\ln \left(2\pi \mathrm {e} \sigma ^{2}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiplikation_von_unabhängigen,_log-normalverteilten_Zufallsvariablen"><span id="Multiplikation_von_unabh.C3.A4ngigen.2C_log-normalverteilten_Zufallsvariablen"></span>Multiplikation von unabhängigen, log-normalverteilten Zufallsvariablen</h3></div>
<p>Multipliziert man zwei unabhängige, log-normalverteilte Zufallsvariable <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f70b2694445a5901b24338a2e7a7e58f02a72a32.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ad47c14b8a092f182512e76c96638aea6e3bea1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ergibt sich wieder eine log-normalverteilte Zufallsvariable mit den Parametern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =\mu _{1}+\mu _{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =\mu _{1}+\mu _{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a94f01934f43180e55fd6c60c80c2a9f4cefb538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.252ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =\mu _{1}+\mu _{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}=\sigma _{1}^{2}+\sigma _{2}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}=\sigma _{1}^{2}+\sigma _{2}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/90fda1167d13dce4bbff4038f2e01077489ef1a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.093ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}=\sigma _{1}^{2}+\sigma _{2}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Entsprechendes gilt für das Produkt von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> solchen Variablen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grenzwertsatz">Grenzwertsatz</h3></div>
<p>Das geometrische Mittel von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> unabhängigen, gleich verteilten, positiven Zufallsvariablen zeigt für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\to \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\to \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0d55d9b32f6fa8fab6a84ea444a6b5a24bb45e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.333ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\to \infty }" loading="lazy"></span> genähert eine Log-Normalverteilung, die immer mehr einer gewöhnlichen Normalverteilung gleicht, da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> abnimmt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erwartungswert_und_Kovarianzmatrix_einer_mehrdimensionalen_Log-Normalverteilung">Erwartungswert und Kovarianzmatrix einer mehrdimensionalen Log-Normalverteilung</h3></div>
<p>Der Erwartungswert-Vektor ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} [{\boldsymbol {X}}]_{i}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu _{i}+{\frac {1}{2}}\Sigma _{ii}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">X</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} [{\boldsymbol {X}}]_{i}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu _{i}+{\frac {1}{2}}\Sigma _{ii}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0263ee85705ee5e3e31064a44840d3d69555eb15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.924ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} [{\boldsymbol {X}}]_{i}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu _{i}+{\frac {1}{2}}\Sigma _{ii}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und die <a href="Kovarianzmatrix" title="Kovarianzmatrix">Kovarianzmatrix</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} [{\boldsymbol {X}}]_{ij}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu _{i}+\mu _{j}+{\frac {1}{2}}(\Sigma _{ii}+\Sigma _{jj})}(\mathrm {e} ^{\Sigma _{ij}}-1).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Var</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">X</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} [{\boldsymbol {X}}]_{ij}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu _{i}+\mu _{j}+{\frac {1}{2}}(\Sigma _{ii}+\Sigma _{jj})}(\mathrm {e} ^{\Sigma _{ij}}-1).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/411a3a1c16e28a4b82aa00919bcb7392c7403a99.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:37.914ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} [{\boldsymbol {X}}]_{ij}=\mathrm {e} ^{\mu _{i}+\mu _{j}+{\frac {1}{2}}(\Sigma _{ii}+\Sigma _{jj})}(\mathrm {e} ^{\Sigma _{ij}}-1).}" loading="lazy"></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beziehungen_zu_anderen_Verteilungen">Beziehungen zu anderen Verteilungen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beziehung_zur_Normalverteilung">Beziehung zur Normalverteilung</h3></div>
<p>Der Logarithmus einer logarithmisch normalverteilten Zufallsvariablen ist normalverteilt. Genauer: Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/863304aaa42a945f2f07d79facc3d2eebc845ce7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.062ex; width:8.966ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})}" loading="lazy"></span>-verteilte reelle Zufallsvariable (d.&nbsp;h. normalverteilt mit Erwartungswert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> und Varianz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53a5c55e536acf250c1d3e0f754be5692b843ef5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.385ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>), so ist die Zufallsvariable <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X=\mathrm {e} ^{Y}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X=\mathrm {e} ^{Y}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ded991b5553a9045e42b945bab775047b7a85cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.597ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X=\mathrm {e} ^{Y}}" loading="lazy"></span> log-normalverteilt mit diesen Parametern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma \to 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma \to 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/efa7021065f7f7842d3e8b3e81d2ddc3cdee3a4f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.106ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma \to 0}" loading="lazy"></span> und damit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}\to 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}\to 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d77e6600a12be67380902d27b1b210ddf7d2e15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.161ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*}\to 1}" loading="lazy"></span> geht, geht die Form der Log-Normalverteilung gegen diejenige einer gewöhnlichen Normalverteilung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verteilung_mit_schweren_Rändern"><span id="Verteilung_mit_schweren_R.C3.A4ndern"></span>Verteilung mit schweren Rändern</h3></div>
<p>Die Verteilung gehört zu den <a href="Verteilung_mit_schweren_R%C3%A4ndern" title="Verteilung mit schweren Rändern">Verteilungen mit schweren Rändern</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parameterschätzung_und_Statistik"><span id="Parametersch.C3.A4tzung_und_Statistik"></span>Parameterschätzung und Statistik</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parameterschätzung"><span id="Parametersch.C3.A4tzung"></span>Parameterschätzung</h3></div>
<p>Die Schätzung der Parameter aus einer Stichprobe von Beobachtungen erfolgt über die Bestimmung von Mittelwert und (quadrierter) Standardabweichung der logarithmierten Werte:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\ln(X_{i}),\quad {\hat {\sigma }}^{2}={\frac {1}{n-1}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}(\ln(X_{i})-{\hat {\mu }})^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\ln(X_{i}),\quad {\hat {\sigma }}^{2}={\frac {1}{n-1}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}(\ln(X_{i})-{\hat {\mu }})^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64b04a56b0569715287dbbf93459fb1ebf606844.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:49.726ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\ln(X_{i}),\quad {\hat {\sigma }}^{2}={\frac {1}{n-1}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}(\ln(X_{i})-{\hat {\mu }})^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Schätzung der multiplikativen Parameter erfolgt durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}^{*}=\exp({\hat {\mu }})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}^{*}=\exp({\hat {\mu }})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe0f9eb324ef3b8bf24d904a4fc802b46e4cded5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.318ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}^{*}=\exp({\hat {\mu }})}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}^{*}=\exp({\hat {\sigma }})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}^{*}=\exp({\hat {\sigma }})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a44878701551d4f9b9004d5c98d0fe7467f4c31.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.174ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}^{*}=\exp({\hat {\sigma }})}" loading="lazy"></span>. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e986895adfc96536ce0efa4cbc2e60eb71978d4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist das <a href="Geometrisches_Mittel" title="Geometrisches Mittel">geometrische Mittel</a>. Seine Verteilung ist log-normal mit multiplikativem Erwartungswert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/670d0d4db6668c13d249c92fb99c34d2a9f236f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> und geschätzter multiplikativer Standardabweichung (besser als multiplikativer <a href="Standardfehler" title="Standardfehler">Standardfehler</a> bezeichnet) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SEM} ^{*}=({\hat {\sigma }}^{*})^{1/{\sqrt {n}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {SEM} ^{*}=({\hat {\sigma }}^{*})^{1/{\sqrt {n}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3ec6fc53e7e3241d5a07d248c3609b6e66c2119e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.584ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SEM} ^{*}=({\hat {\sigma }}^{*})^{1/{\sqrt {n}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Wenn keine Einzelwerte vorliegen, sondern nur der Mittelwert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/90b968141b314f4de17f5e63f18dcdc126352bac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und die empirische Varianz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathrm {var} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathrm {var} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e9a94f9eb9e117846159bed8eb0f6bee95c35dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.302ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathrm {var} }}}" loading="lazy"></span> der nicht logarithmierten Werte bekannt sind, erhält man passende Parameterwerte über
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}^{2}=\ln \left({\frac {\hat {\mathrm {var} }}{{\bar {X}}^{2}}}+1\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}^{2}=\ln \left({\frac {\hat {\mathrm {var} }}{{\bar {X}}^{2}}}+1\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4ef4dce7045c8cf44c4ee8876aebef55f2c5533.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:18.983ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}^{2}=\ln \left({\frac {\hat {\mathrm {var} }}{{\bar {X}}^{2}}}+1\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}=\ln({\bar {X}})-{\frac {{\hat {\sigma }}^{2}}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}=\ln({\bar {X}})-{\frac {{\hat {\sigma }}^{2}}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b7dfbc045827b61ff54bbd6cafd4b49b788140f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:16.289ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}=\ln({\bar {X}})-{\frac {{\hat {\sigma }}^{2}}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder direkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \quad {\hat {\mu }}=\ln \left({\bar {X}}^{2}\ {\sqrt[{}]{\frac {1}{{\hat {\mathrm {var} }}+{\bar {X}}^{2}}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mroot>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">

</mrow>
</mroot>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \quad {\hat {\mu }}=\ln \left({\bar {X}}^{2}\ {\sqrt[{}]{\frac {1}{{\hat {\mathrm {var} }}+{\bar {X}}^{2}}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ee9865b53cdf19db90076ba64e736a7bf3cd405.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:28.78ex; height:8.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \quad {\hat {\mu }}=\ln \left({\bar {X}}^{2}\ {\sqrt[{}]{\frac {1}{{\hat {\mathrm {var} }}+{\bar {X}}^{2}}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistik">Statistik</h3></div>
<p>Allgemein erfolgt die statistische Analyse von log-normalverteilten Größen am einfachsten und Erfolg versprechendsten so, dass die Größen logarithmiert werden und auf diese transformierten Werte die Methoden verwendet werden, die auf der gewöhnlichen Normalverteilung beruhen. Im Bedarfsfall werden dann die Ergebnisse, beispielsweise Vertrauens- oder Vorhersage-Intervalle, in die ursprüngliche Skala zurücktransformiert.
</p><p>Grundlegendes Beispiel dafür ist die Berechnung von Streuungs-Intervallen. Da für eine gewöhnliche Normalverteilung in einem Bereich von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu \pm \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu \pm \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e204c02117a4f9075f3ee4fd83758cd771da083.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.572ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu \pm \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> etwa 2/3 (genauer 68&nbsp;%) und in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu \pm 2\sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu \pm 2\sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19f96e940697a1bf57f9201a6878729bc4e5f8a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.734ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu \pm 2\sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> 95&nbsp;% der Wahrscheinlichkeit enthalten sind, gilt für die Log-Normalverteilung:
</p>
<dl><dd>Das Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ [\mu ^{*}/\sigma ^{*},\mu ^{*}\cdot \sigma ^{*}]\ }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ [\mu ^{*}/\sigma ^{*},\mu ^{*}\cdot \sigma ^{*}]\ }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8cc1fb208900e6a381cbb185167dc66b6b28d2e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.012ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ [\mu ^{*}/\sigma ^{*},\mu ^{*}\cdot \sigma ^{*}]\ }" loading="lazy"></span> enthält 2/3</dd>
<dd>und das Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ [\mu ^{*}/(\sigma ^{*})^{2},\mu ^{*}\cdot (\sigma ^{*})^{2}]\ }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ [\mu ^{*}/(\sigma ^{*})^{2},\mu ^{*}\cdot (\sigma ^{*})^{2}]\ }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c5b421ac4ed4019ae4548968380ed81a10ac58e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.739ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ [\mu ^{*}/(\sigma ^{*})^{2},\mu ^{*}\cdot (\sigma ^{*})^{2}]\ }" loading="lazy"></span> enthält 95&nbsp;%</dd></dl>
<p>der Wahrscheinlichkeit (und also etwa diese Prozentzahl der Beobachtungen einer Stichprobe).
Die Intervalle können in Analogie zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu \pm \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu \pm \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e204c02117a4f9075f3ee4fd83758cd771da083.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.572ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu \pm \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> als
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}\cdot /\sigma ^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}\cdot /\sigma ^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c134514d7a0331197adb913bf581d7ab6b1ac74.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.682ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}\cdot /\sigma ^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}\cdot /(\sigma ^{*})^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}\cdot /(\sigma ^{*})^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/09f3bcf60d73736b4be3c4c8aa2c12b3907a7055.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.546ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}\cdot /(\sigma ^{*})^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> notiert werden.
</p><p>In graphischen Darstellungen (untransformierter) Beobachtungen sollten deshalb solche asymmetrische Intervalle gezeigt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>
<p>Variation in vielen natürlichen Phänomenen lässt sich gut mit der
Log-Normalverteilung beschreiben. Dies kann erklärt werden durch die
Vorstellung, dass kleine prozentuale Abweichungen zusammenwirken,
die einzelnen Effekte sich also multiplizieren.
Bei Wachstumsprozessen ist dies besonders naheliegend.
Zudem bestehen die Formeln für die meisten grundlegenden Naturgesetze aus
Multiplikationen und Divisionen.
Auf der logarithmischen Skala ergeben sich dann Additionen und
Subtraktionen, und der entsprechende
<a href="Zentraler_Grenzwertsatz" title="Zentraler Grenzwertsatz">Zentrale Grenzwertsatz</a> führt zur
Normalverteilung – zurücktransformiert auf die ursprüngliche Skala also
zur Log-Normalverteilung.
Diese multiplikative Version des Grenzwertsatzes ist auch als
Gesetz von Gibrat bekannt. Robert Gibrat (1904–1980) formulierte es für
Unternehmen.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In einigen Wissenschaften ist es üblich, Messgrößen in Einheiten anzugeben,
die durch Logarithmieren einer gemessenen Konzentration (Chemie) oder
Energie (Physik, Technologie) erhalten werden.
So wird der Säuregrad einer wässerigen Lösung durch den <a href="PH-Wert" title="PH-Wert">pH-Wert</a> gemessen, der als negativer Logarithmus der Wasserstoffionen-Aktivität definiert ist.
Eine Lautstärke wird in <a href="Bel_(Einheit)" title="Bel (Einheit)">Dezibel (dB)</a> angegeben, das
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =10\log _{10}(E)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =10\log _{10}(E)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1200bd7be6d4c1fb59f7d764f5881b8ba9747ba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.598ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =10\log _{10}(E)}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span>
das Verhältnis des <a href="Schalldruckpegel" title="Schalldruckpegel">Schalldruckpegels</a> zu einem entsprechenden Referenzwert ist.
Analoges gilt für andere Energie-Pegel.
In der Finanzmathematik wird ebenfalls oft direkt mit logarithmierten Größen (Preisen, Kursen, Erträgen) gerechnet, siehe unten.
</p><p>Für solche „bereits logarithmierte“ Größen ist dann die gewöhnliche <a href="Normalverteilung" title="Normalverteilung">Normalverteilung</a> oft eine gute Wahl; also wäre hier, wenn man die
ursprünglich gemessene Größe betrachten wollte, die Log-Normalverteilung geeignet.
</p><p>Generell eignet sich die Log-Normalverteilung für Messgrößen, die nur positive Werte annehmen können,
also Konzentrationen, Massen und Gewichte, räumliche Größen, Energien usw.
</p><p>Die folgende Liste zeigt mit Beispielen die breite Palette der Anwendungen der Log-Normalverteilung.
</p>
<ul><li>Mathematik (<a href="Analytische_Zahlentheorie" title="Analytische Zahlentheorie">Analytische Zahlentheorie</a>): <a href="Selbergs_zentraler_Grenzwertsatz" title="Selbergs zentraler Grenzwertsatz">Selbergs zentraler Grenzwertsatz</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Geologie" title="Geologie">Geologie</a>: Konzentration von Elementen<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Kolloidchemie" title="Kolloidchemie">Kolloid-</a> und <a href="Polymerchemie" title="Polymerchemie">Polymerchemie</a>: <a href="Partikelgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fenverteilung" title="Partikelgrößenverteilung">Partikelgrößen-Verteilung</a> und <a href="Molmassenverteilung" title="Molmassenverteilung">Molmassen-Verteilung</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Hydrologie" title="Hydrologie">Hydrologie</a>: Die Log-Normalverteilung nützt bei der Analyse von Extremwerten wie – beispielsweise – monatliche oder jährliche Maxima der täglichen Regenmenge oder des Abflusses von Gewässern.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="%C3%96kologie" title="Ökologie">Ökologie</a>: Die Häufigkeit von Arten zeigt oft eine Log-Normalverteilung.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Biologie" title="Biologie">Biologie</a> und <a href="Medizin" title="Medizin">Medizin</a>
<ul><li>Maße der Größe von Lebewesen (Länge, Hautfläche, Gewicht);<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Physiologische Größen wie der Blutdruck von Männern und Frauen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Als Konsequenz sollten <a href="Referenzbereich_(Medizin)" title="Referenzbereich (Medizin)">Referenzbereiche</a> für gesunde Werte auf der Grundlage einer Log-Normalverteilung geschätzt werden.</li>
<li><a href="Inkubationszeit" title="Inkubationszeit">Inkubationszeiten</a> von ansteckenden Krankheiten;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>In der Neurologie zeigt die Verteilung der Impulsrate von Nervenzellen oft eine log-normale Form, so im Cortex und Striatum<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und im Hippocampus und im entorhinalen Cortex<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sowie in anderen Hirnregionen.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ebenso für weitere neurobiologische Größen.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Sensitivität gegenüber <a href="Fungizid" title="Fungizid">Fungiziden</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Bakterien auf Pflanzenblättern:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Permeabilit%C3%A4t_(Materie)" title="Permeabilität (Materie)">Permeabilität</a> von Zellwänden und Mobilität von gelösten Stoffen:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Sozialwissenschaften" title="Sozialwissenschaften">Sozialwissenschaften</a> und <a href="%C3%96konomie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ökonomie">Ökonomie</a>
<ul><li><a href="Einkommensverteilung" title="Einkommensverteilung">Einkommensverteilungen</a> zeigen, bis auf wenige Extremwerte, eine genäherte Log-Normalverteilung.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Für das obere Ende eignet sich die <a href="Pareto-Verteilung" title="Pareto-Verteilung">Pareto-Verteilung</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>In der <a href="Finanzmathematik" title="Finanzmathematik">Finanzmathematik</a> werden logarithmierte Erträge, Preise etc. als normalverteilt modelliert, was bedeutet, dass die ursprünglichen Größen log-normalverteilt sind. Das gilt auch für das berühmte <a href="Black-Scholes-Modell" title="Black-Scholes-Modell">Black-Scholes-Modell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> das der Preisbildung von <a href="Option_(Wirtschaft)" title="Option (Wirtschaft)">Optionen</a> und <a href="Derivat_(Wirtschaft)" title="Derivat (Wirtschaft)">Derivaten</a> zugrunde liegt. Allerdings mag bei genauer Analyse die <a href="L%C3%A9vy-Verteilung" title="Lévy-Verteilung">Lévy-Verteilung</a> für die extrem großen Werte besser passen,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vor allem bei <a href="B%C3%B6rsenkrach" title="Börsenkrach">Börsenstürzen</a>.</li>
<li><a href="Liste_der_gr%C3%B6%C3%9Ften_St%C3%A4dte_der_Welt_(historisch)" title="Liste der größten Städte der Welt (historisch)">Einwohnerzahlen von Städten</a></li>
<li>In Internet-Foren sind die Längen der Kommentare log-normalverteilt,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ebenso die Verweildauer bei Online-Artikeln wie Nachrichten oder Witzen.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Die Dauer von <a href="Schach" title="Schach">Schachspielen</a> folgt einer Log-Normalverteilung.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Technologie" title="Technologie">Technologie</a>
<ul><li>In der Modellierung der <a href="Zuverl%C3%A4ssigkeit_(Technik)" title="Zuverlässigkeit (Technik)">Zuverlässigkeit</a> werden Reparaturzeiten als log-normalverteilt beschrieben.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Internet: Die <a href="Datenmenge" title="Datenmenge">Dateigröße</a> von öffentlich verfügbaren Audio- und Video-Dateien ist genähert log-normalverteilt.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analoges gilt für den Datenverkehr.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><cite style="font-style:italic">Lognormal Distributions, Theory and Applications</cite> (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Statistics: Textbooks and Monographs</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>88</span>). Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1988, ISBN 978-0-8247-7803-3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>xvi+387</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.btitle=Lognormal+Distributions%2C+Theory+and+Applications&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780824778033&amp;rft.pages=xvi%2B387&amp;rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.series=Statistics%3A+Textbooks+and+Monographs" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>j Aitchison, J A C Brown: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Lognormal Distribution</cite>. Cambridge University Press, 1957.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.au=j+Aitchison%2C+J+A+C+Brown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Lognormal+Distribution&amp;rft.date=1957&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Eckhard Limpert, Werner A Stahel, Markus Abbt: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lognormal distributions across the sciences: keys and clues</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">BioScience</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>51</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5</span>, 2001, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>341–352</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0341%3ALNDATS%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0341:LNDATS]2.0.CO;2</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/~stahel/lognormal/bioscience.pdf">PDF Online</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=Lognormal+distributions+across+the+sciences%3A+keys+and+clues&amp;rft.au=Eckhard+Limpert%2C+Werner+A+Stahel%2C+Markus+Abbt&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.doi=10.1641%2F0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0341%3ALNDATS%5D2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=BioScience&amp;rft.pages=341-352&amp;rft.volume=51" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. C. Heyde: <cite style="font-style:italic">On a property of the lognormal distribution</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>25</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2</span>, 1963, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>392–393</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=On+a+property+of+the+lognormal+distribution&amp;rft.au=C.+C.+Heyde&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Statistical+Society%2C+Series+B&amp;rft.pages=392-393&amp;rft.volume=25" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leigh Halliwell: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Lognormal Random Multivariate</cite>. Casualty Actuarial Society E-Forum, Arlington VA, Spring 2015. 2015 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casact.org/pubs/forum/15spforum/Halliwell.pdf">casact.org</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.au=Leigh%26%2332%3BHalliwell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Lognormal+Random+Multivariate&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=book" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eckhard Limpert, Werner A Stahel, Markus Abbt: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lognormal distributions across the sciences: keys and clues</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">BioScience</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>51</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5</span>, 2001, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>341–352</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0341%3ALNDATS%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0341:LNDATS]2.0.CO;2</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=Lognormal+distributions+across+the+sciences%3A+keys+and+clues&amp;rft.au=Eckhard+Limpert%2C+Werner+A+Stahel%2C+Markus+Abbt&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.doi=10.1641%2F0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0341%3ALNDATS%5D2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=BioScience&amp;rft.pages=341-352&amp;rft.volume=51" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eckhard Limpert, Werner A Stahel: <cite style="font-style:italic">Problems with Using the Normal Distribution – and Ways to Improve Quality and Efficiency of Data Analysis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">PlosOne</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>51</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5</span>, 2011, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>341–352</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0341%3ALNDATS%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0341:LNDATS]2.0.CO;2</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=Problems+with+Using+the+Normal+Distribution+-+and+Ways+to+Improve+Quality+and+Efficiency+of+Data+Analysis&amp;rft.au=Eckhard+Limpert%2C+Werner+A+Stahel&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.doi=10.1641%2F0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0341%3ALNDATS%5D2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=PlosOne&amp;rft.pages=341-352&amp;rft.volume=51" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Sutton: <cite style="font-style:italic">Gibrat's Legacy</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Economic Literature</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>32</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, 1997, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>40–59</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=Gibrat%27s+Legacy&amp;rft.au=John+Sutton&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Literature&amp;rft.pages=40-59&amp;rft.volume=32" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L H Ahrens: <cite style="font-style:italic">The log-normal distribution of the elements (A fundamental law of geochemistry and its subsidiary) journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5</span>, 1954, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>49–73</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.au=L+H+Ahrens&amp;rft.btitle=The+log-normal+distribution+of+the+elements+%28A+fundamental+law+of+geochemistry+and+its+subsidiary%29+journal&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=49-73&amp;rft.volume=5" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.J. Oosterbaan: <cite style="font-style:italic">Drainage Principles and Applications, Publication 16</cite>. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands 1994, ISBN 978-90-70754-33-4, 6: Frequency and Regression Analysis, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>175–224</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waterlog.info/pdf/freqtxt.pdf">Online</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=6%3A+Frequency+and+Regression+Analysis&amp;rft.au=R.J.+Oosterbaan&amp;rft.btitle=Drainage+Principles+and+Applications%2C+Publication+16&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9789070754334&amp;rft.pages=175-224&amp;rft.place=Wageningen%2C+The+Netherlands&amp;rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Land+Reclamation+and+Improvement+%28ILRI%29" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G Sugihara: <cite style="font-style:italic">Minimal community structure: An explanation of species abundance patterns</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">American Naturalist</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>116</span>, 1980, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>770–786</span>, <a href="JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2460407">2460407</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=Minimal+community+structure%3A+An+explanation+of+species+abundance+patterns&amp;rft.au=G+Sugihara&amp;rft.btitle=American+Naturalist&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=770-786&amp;rft.volume=116" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian S Huxley: <cite style="font-style:italic">Problems of relative growth</cite>. London, 1932, ISBN 978-0-486-61114-3.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.au=Julian+S+Huxley&amp;rft.btitle=Problems+of+relative+growth&amp;rft.date=1932&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780486611143&amp;rft.pub=London" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert W. Makuch, D H Freeman, M F Johnson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Justification for the lognormal distribution as a model for blood pressure</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Chronic Diseases</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>32</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3</span>, 1979, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>245–250</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681%2879%2990070-5">10.1016/0021-9681(79)90070-5</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=Justification+for+the+lognormal+distribution+as+a+model+for+blood+pressure&amp;rft.au=Robert+W.+Makuch%2C+D+H+Freeman%2C+M+F+Johnson&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2F0021-9681%2879%2990070-5&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chronic+Diseases&amp;rft.pages=245-250&amp;rft.volume=32" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P E Sartwell: <cite style="font-style:italic">The incubation period and the dynamics of infectious disease</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">American Journal of Epidemiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>83</span>, 1966, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>204–216</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=The+incubation+period+and+the+dynamics+of+infectious+disease&amp;rft.au=P+E+Sartwell&amp;rft.btitle=American+Journal+of+Epidemiology&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=204-216&amp;rft.volume=83" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Gabriele Scheler, Johann Schumann: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Diversity and stability in neuronal output rates</cite>. 36th Society for Neuroscience Meeting, Atlanta. 8.&nbsp;Oktober 2006 (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.au=Gabriele%26%2332%3BScheler%2C%26%2332%3BJohann%26%2332%3BSchumann&amp;rft.btitle=Diversity+and+stability+in+neuronal+output+rates&amp;rft.date=2006-10-08&amp;rft.genre=book" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Kenji Mizuseki, György Buzsáki: <cite style="font-style:italic">Preconfigured, skewed distribution of firing rates in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cell Reports</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5</span>, 12.&nbsp;September 2013, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%222211-1247%22&amp;key=cql">2211-1247</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1010–1021</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2013.07.039">10.1016/j.celrep.2013.07.039</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23994479?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23994479</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804159/">PMC&nbsp;3804159</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=Preconfigured%2C+skewed+distribution+of+firing+rates+in+the+hippocampus+and+entorhinal+cortex&amp;rft.au=Kenji+Mizuseki%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy+Buzs%C3%A1ki&amp;rft.date=2013-09-12&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2013.07.039&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=2211-1247&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell+Reports&amp;rft.pages=1010-1021&amp;rft.pmc=3804159&amp;rft.pmid=23994479&amp;rft.volume=4" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">György Buzsáki, Kenji Mizuseki: <cite style="font-style:italic">The log-dynamic brain: how skewed distributions affect network operations</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nature Reviews. Neuroscience</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>15</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4</span>, 2017, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221471-003X%22&amp;key=cql">1471-003X</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>264–278</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3687">10.1038/nrn3687</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24569488?dopt=Abstract">PMID 24569488</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4051294/">PMC&nbsp;4051294</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=The+log-dynamic+brain%3A+how+skewed+distributions+affect+network+operations&amp;rft.au=Gy%C3%B6rgy+Buzs%C3%A1ki%2C+Kenji+Mizuseki&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.doi=10.1038%2Fnrn3687&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=1471-003X&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Neuroscience&amp;rft.pages=264-278&amp;rft.pmc=4051294&amp;rft.pmid=24569488&amp;rft.volume=15" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrien Wohrer, Mark D Humphries, Christian K Machens: <cite style="font-style:italic">Population-wide distributions of neural activity during perceptual decision-making</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Progress in Neurobiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>103</span>, 2013, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221873-5118%22&amp;key=cql">1873-5118</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>156–193</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.09.004">10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.09.004</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23123501?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23123501</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985929/">PMC&nbsp;5985929</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=Population-wide+distributions+of+neural+activity+during+perceptual+decision-making&amp;rft.au=Adrien+Wohrer%2C+Mark+D+Humphries%2C+Christian+K+Machens&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.pneurobio.2012.09.004&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=1873-5118&amp;rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Neurobiology&amp;rft.pages=156-193&amp;rft.pmc=5985929&amp;rft.pmid=23123501&amp;rft.volume=103" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriele Scheler: <cite style="font-style:italic">Logarithmic distributions prove that intrinsic learning is Hebbian</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">F1000 Research</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>6</span>, 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1222</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12130.2">10.12688/f1000research.12130.2</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29071065?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29071065</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5639933/">PMC&nbsp;5639933</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=Logarithmic+distributions+prove+that+intrinsic+learning+is+Hebbian&amp;rft.au=Gabriele+Scheler&amp;rft.btitle=F1000+Research&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.doi=10.12688%2Ff1000research.12130.2&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=1222&amp;rft.pmc=5639933&amp;rft.pmid=29071065&amp;rft.volume=6" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R A Romero, T B Sutton: <cite style="font-style:italic">Sensitivity of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, causal agent of black sigatoka of banana, to propiconozole</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytopathology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>87</span>, 1997, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>96–100</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=Sensitivity+of+Mycosphaerella+fijiensis%2C+causal+agent+of+black+sigatoka+of+banana%2C+to+propiconozole&amp;rft.au=R+A+Romero%2C+T+B+Sutton&amp;rft.btitle=Phytopathology&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=96-100&amp;rft.volume=87" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S S Hirano, E V Nordheim, D C Arny, C D Upper: <cite style="font-style:italic">Log-normal distribution of epiphytic bacterial populations on leaf surfaces</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Applied and Environmental Microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>44</span>, 1982, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>695–700</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=Log-normal+distribution+of+epiphytic+bacterial+populations+on+leaf+surfaces&amp;rft.au=S+S+Hirano%2C+E+V+Nordheim%2C+D+C+Arny%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=695-700&amp;rft.volume=44" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P Baur: <cite style="font-style:italic">Log-normal distribution of water permeability and organic solute mobility in plant cuticles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Plant, Cell and Environment</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>20</span>, 1997, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>167–177</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=Log-normal+distribution+of+water+permeability+and+organic+solute+mobility+in+plant+cuticles&amp;rft.au=P+Baur&amp;rft.btitle=Plant%2C+Cell+and+Environment&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=167-177&amp;rft.volume=20" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpmi/0505006.html"><i>Pareto's law of income distribution: Evidence for Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.</i></a> 2005<span style="display:none">;</span><span class="Abrufdatum" style="display:none"> abgerufen im 1.&nbsp;Januar 1</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ALogarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.title=Pareto%27s+law+of+income+distribution%3A+Evidence+for+Germany%2C+the+United+Kingdom%2C+and+the+United+States&amp;rft.description=Pareto%27s+law+of+income+distribution%3A+Evidence+for+Germany%2C+the+United+Kingdom%2C+and+the+United+States&amp;rft.identifier=&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span> </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<span class="cite">Souma Wataru: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0202388"><i>Physics of Personal Income.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 22.&nbsp;Februar 2002</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ALogarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.title=Physics+of+Personal+Income&amp;rft.description=Physics+of+Personal+Income&amp;rft.identifier=&amp;rft.creator=Souma%26%2332%3BWataru&amp;rft.date=&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
F Black, M Scholes: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Political Economy</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>81</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3</span>, 1973, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>637</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086/260062">10.1086/260062</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=The+Pricing+of+Options+and+Corporate+Liabilities&amp;rft.au=F+Black%2C+M+Scholes&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.doi=10.1086%2F260062&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&amp;rft.pages=637&amp;rft.volume=81" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Benoit Mandelbrot: <cite style="font-style:italic">The (mis-)Behaviour of Markets</cite>. Basic Books, 2004, ISBN 978-0-465-04355-2 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=9w15j-Ka0vgC">Google Books</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.au=Benoit+Mandelbrot&amp;rft.btitle=The+%28mis-%29Behaviour+of+Markets&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780465043552&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Sobkowicz Pawel et al.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lognormal distributions of user post lengths in Internet discussions - a consequence of the Weber-Fechner law?</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">EPJ Data Science</cite>. 2013.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=Lognormal+distributions+of+user+post+lengths+in+Internet+discussions+-+a+consequence+of+the+Weber-Fechner+law%3F&amp;rft.au=Sobkowicz+Pawel+et+al.&amp;rft.btitle=EPJ+Data+Science&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peifeng Yin, Ping Luo, Wang-Chien Luo, Min Wang: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Silence is also evidence: interpreting dwell time for recommendation from psychological perspective</cite>. ACM International Conference on KDD. 2013 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510064118/http://mldm.ict.ac.cn/platform/pweb/academicDetail.htm?id=16">mldm.ict.ac.cn</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> des <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">
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</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmldm.ict.ac.cn%2Fplatform%2Fpweb%2FacademicDetail.htm%3Fid%3D16">Originals</a></span> vom 10.&nbsp;Mai 2017 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>) [abgerufen am 26.&nbsp;August 2019]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.au=Peifeng%26%2332%3BYin%2C%26%2332%3BPing%26%2332%3BLuo%2C%26%2332%3BWang-Chien%26%2332%3BLuo%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=Silence+is+also+evidence%3A+interpreting+dwell+time+for+recommendation+from+psychological+perspective&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chess.stackexchange.com/questions/2506/what-is-the-average-length-of-a-game-of-chess/4899#4899"><i>What is the average length of a game of chess?</i></a> In: <i>chess.stackexchange.com.</i><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 14.&nbsp;April 2018</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ALogarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.title=What+is+the+average+length+of+a+game+of+chess%3F&amp;rft.description=What+is+the+average+length+of+a+game+of+chess%3F&amp;rft.identifier=&amp;rft.date=&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Patrick O'Connor, Andre Kleyner: <cite style="font-style:italic">Practical Reliability Engineering</cite>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011, ISBN 978-0-470-97982-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>35</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.au=Patrick+O%27Connor%2C+Andre+Kleyner&amp;rft.btitle=Practical+Reliability+Engineering&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780470979822&amp;rft.pages=35&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
C Gros, G. Kaczor, D Markovic: <cite style="font-style:italic">Neuropsychological constraints to human data production on a global scale</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The European Physical Journal B</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>85</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>28</span>, 2012, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>28</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb%2Fe2011-20581-3">10.1140/epjb/e2011-20581-3</a></span>, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.6849">1111.6849</a>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EPJB...85...28G">2012EPJB...85...28G</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.atitle=Neuropsychological+constraints+to+human+data+production+on+a+global+scale&amp;rft.au=C+Gros%2C+G.+Kaczor%2C+D+Markovic&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.doi=10.1140%2Fepjb%2Fe2011-20581-3&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=28&amp;rft.jtitle=The+European+Physical+Journal+B&amp;rft.pages=28&amp;rft.volume=85" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<span class="cite">Mohammed Alamsar: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.03853"><i>On the Distribution of Traffic Volumes in the Internet and its Implications.</i></a> 2019<span style="display:none">;</span><span class="Abrufdatum" style="display:none"> abgerufen im 1.&nbsp;Januar 1</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ALogarithmische+Normalverteilung&amp;rft.title=On+the+Distribution+of+Traffic+Volumes+in+the+Internet+and+its+Implications&amp;rft.description=On+the+Distribution+of+Traffic+Volumes+in+the+Internet+and+its+Implications&amp;rft.identifier=&amp;rft.creator=Mohammed%26%2332%3BAlamsar&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
</ol>
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<div class="klappleiste-kopf">Diskrete univariate Verteilungen</div>
<div class="klappleiste-inhalt mw-collapsible-content">
<p><b>Diskrete univariate Verteilungen für endliche Mengen:</b><br>
<a href="Benfordsches_Gesetz" title="Benfordsches Gesetz">Benford</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Bernoulli-Verteilung" title="Bernoulli-Verteilung">Bernoulli</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Beta-Binomialverteilung" title="Beta-Binomialverteilung">beta-binomial</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Binomialverteilung" title="Binomialverteilung">binomial</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Dirac-Verteilung" title="Dirac-Verteilung">Dirac</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Diskrete_Gleichverteilung" title="Diskrete Gleichverteilung">diskret uniform</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Empirische_Verteilung_(Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung)" title="Empirische Verteilung (Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung)">empirisch</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Hypergeometrische_Verteilung" title="Hypergeometrische Verteilung">hypergeometrisch</a>&nbsp;|
kategorial&nbsp;|
<a href="Negative_hypergeometrische_Verteilung" title="Negative hypergeometrische Verteilung">negativ hypergeometrisch</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Rademacherverteilung" title="Rademacherverteilung">Rademacher</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Verallgemeinerte_Binomialverteilung" title="Verallgemeinerte Binomialverteilung">verallgemeinert binomial</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Zipfsches_Gesetz" title="Zipfsches Gesetz">Zipf</a>&nbsp;|
Zipf-Mandelbrot&nbsp;|
<a href="Zweipunktverteilung" title="Zweipunktverteilung">Zweipunkt</a>
</p><p><b>Diskrete univariate Verteilungen für unendliche Mengen:</b><br>
<a href="Boltzmann-Statistik" title="Boltzmann-Statistik">Boltzmann</a>&nbsp;|
Conway-Maxwell-Poisson&nbsp;|
discrete-Phase-Type&nbsp;|
erweitert negativ binomial&nbsp;|
Gauss-Kuzmin&nbsp;|
<a href="Gemischte_Poisson-Verteilung" title="Gemischte Poisson-Verteilung">gemischt Poisson</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Geometrische_Verteilung" title="Geometrische Verteilung">geometrisch</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Logarithmische_Verteilung" title="Logarithmische Verteilung">logarithmisch</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Negative_Binomialverteilung" title="Negative Binomialverteilung">negativ binomial</a>&nbsp;|
parabolisch-fraktal&nbsp;|
<a href="Poisson-Verteilung" title="Poisson-Verteilung">Poisson</a>&nbsp;|
Skellam&nbsp;|
<a href="Verallgemeinerte_Poisson-Verteilung" title="Verallgemeinerte Poisson-Verteilung">verallgemeinert Poisson</a>&nbsp;|
Yule-Simon&nbsp;|
<a href="Zeta-Verteilung" title="Zeta-Verteilung">Zeta</a>
</p>
</div></div>
<div class="klappleiste mw-collapsible navileiste navigation-not-searchable center" role="navigation">
<div class="klappleiste-kopf">Kontinuierliche univariate Verteilungen</div>
<div class="klappleiste-inhalt mw-collapsible-content">
<p><b>Kontinuierliche univariate Verteilungen mit kompaktem Intervall:</b><br>
<a href="Betaverteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Betaverteilung">Beta</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Cantor-Verteilung" title="Cantor-Verteilung">Cantor</a>&nbsp;|
Kumaraswamy&nbsp;|
raised Cosine&nbsp;|
<a href="Dreiecksverteilung" title="Dreiecksverteilung">Dreieck</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Trapezverteilung" title="Trapezverteilung">Trapez</a>&nbsp;|
U-quadratisch&nbsp;|
<a href="Stetige_Gleichverteilung" title="Stetige Gleichverteilung">stetig uniform</a>&nbsp;|
Wigner-Halbkreis
</p><p><b>Kontinuierliche univariate Verteilungen mit halboffenem Intervall:</b><br>
<a href="Beta-prime-Verteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-prime-Verteilung">Beta prime</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Bose-Einstein-Statistik" title="Bose-Einstein-Statistik">Bose-Einstein</a>&nbsp;|
Burr&nbsp;|
<a href="Chi-Verteilung" title="Chi-Verteilung">Chi</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Chi-Quadrat-Verteilung" title="Chi-Quadrat-Verteilung">Chi-Quadrat</a>&nbsp;|
Coxian&nbsp;|
<a href="Erlang-Verteilung" title="Erlang-Verteilung">Erlang</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Exponentialverteilung" title="Exponentialverteilung">Exponential</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Extremwertverteilung" title="Extremwertverteilung">Extremwert</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="F-Verteilung" title="F-Verteilung">F</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Fermi-Dirac-Statistik" title="Fermi-Dirac-Statistik">Fermi-Dirac</a>&nbsp;|
Folded normal&nbsp;|
<a href="Fr%C3%A9chet-Verteilung" title="Fréchet-Verteilung">Fréchet</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Gammaverteilung" title="Gammaverteilung">Gamma</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Gamma-Gamma-Verteilung" title="Gamma-Gamma-Verteilung">Gamma-Gamma</a>&nbsp;|
verallgemeinert invers Gauß&nbsp;|
halblogistisch&nbsp;|
halbnormal&nbsp;|
<a href="Hartman-Watson-Verteilung" title="Hartman-Watson-Verteilung">Hartman-Watson</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Hotellings_T-Quadrat-Verteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotellings T-Quadrat-Verteilung">Hotellings T-Quadrat</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Hyper-exponentiale_Verteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyper-exponentiale Verteilung">hyper-exponentiale</a>&nbsp;|
hypoexponential&nbsp;|
invers Chi-Quadrat&nbsp;|
scale-invers Chi-Quadrat&nbsp;|
<a href="Inverse_Normalverteilung" title="Inverse Normalverteilung">Invers Normal</a>&nbsp;|
Invers Gamma&nbsp;|
<a href="Kolmogorow-Verteilung" title="Kolmogorow-Verteilung">Kolmogorow-Verteilung</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="L%C3%A9vy-Verteilung" title="Lévy-Verteilung">Lévy</a>&nbsp;|
<a class="mw-selflink selflink">log-normal</a>&nbsp;|
log-logistisch&nbsp;|
<a href="Maxwell-Boltzmann-Verteilung" title="Maxwell-Boltzmann-Verteilung">Maxwell-Boltzmann</a>&nbsp;|
Maxwell-Speed&nbsp;|
Nakagami&nbsp;|
<a href="Nichtzentrierte_Chi-Quadrat-Verteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichtzentrierte Chi-Quadrat-Verteilung">nichtzentriert Chi-Quadrat</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Pareto-Verteilung" title="Pareto-Verteilung">Pareto</a>&nbsp;|
Phase-Type&nbsp;|
<a href="Rayleigh-Verteilung" title="Rayleigh-Verteilung">Rayleigh</a>&nbsp;|
relativistisch Breit-Wigner&nbsp;|
Rice&nbsp;|
<a href="Rosin-Rammler-Verteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosin-Rammler-Verteilung">Rosin-Rammler</a>&nbsp;|
shifted Gompertz&nbsp;|
truncated normal&nbsp;|
Type-2-Gumbel&nbsp;|
<a href="Weibull-Verteilung" title="Weibull-Verteilung">Weibull</a>&nbsp;|
Wilks’ Lambda
</p><p><b>Kontinuierliche univariate Verteilungen mit unbeschränktem Intervall:</b><br>
<a href="Cauchy-Verteilung" title="Cauchy-Verteilung">Cauchy</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Extremwertverteilung" title="Extremwertverteilung">Extremwert</a>&nbsp;|
exponential Power&nbsp;|
<a href="Fishers_z-Verteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishers z-Verteilung">Fishers&nbsp;<i>z</i></a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Gumbel-Verteilung" title="Gumbel-Verteilung">Fisher-Tippett (Gumbel)</a>&nbsp;|
generalized hyperbolic&nbsp;|
Hyperbolic-secant&nbsp;|
<a href="Landauverteilung" title="Landauverteilung">Landau</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Laplace-Verteilung" title="Laplace-Verteilung">Laplace</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Alpha-stabile_Verteilungen" title="Alpha-stabile Verteilungen">alpha-stabil</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Logistische_Verteilung" title="Logistische Verteilung">logistisch</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Normalverteilung" title="Normalverteilung">normal (Gauß)</a>&nbsp;|
normal-invers Gauß’sch&nbsp;|
Skew-normal&nbsp;|
<a href="Studentsche_t-Verteilung" title="Studentsche t-Verteilung">Studentsche&nbsp;t</a>&nbsp;|
Type-1-Gumbel&nbsp;|
Variance-Gamma&nbsp;|
<a href="Voigt-Profil" title="Voigt-Profil">Voigt</a>
</p>
</div></div>
<div class="klappleiste mw-collapsible navileiste navigation-not-searchable center" role="navigation">
<div class="klappleiste-kopf">Multivariate Verteilungen</div>
<div class="klappleiste-inhalt mw-collapsible-content">
<p><b>Diskrete multivariate Verteilungen:</b><br>
Dirichlet compound multinomial&nbsp;|
Ewens&nbsp;|
gemischt Multinomial&nbsp;|
<a href="Multinomialverteilung" title="Multinomialverteilung">multinomial</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Multivariate_hypergeometrische_Verteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Multivariate hypergeometrische Verteilung">multivariat hypergeometrisch</a>&nbsp;|
multivariat Poisson&nbsp;|
negativmultinomial&nbsp;|
Pólya/Eggenberger&nbsp;|
<a href="Polyhypergeometrische_Verteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyhypergeometrische Verteilung">polyhypergeometrisch</a>
</p><p><b>Kontinuierliche multivariate Verteilungen:</b><br>
<a href="Dirichlet-Verteilung" title="Dirichlet-Verteilung">Dirichlet</a>&nbsp;|
GEM&nbsp;|
generalized Dirichlet&nbsp;|
<a href="Mehrdimensionale_Normalverteilung" title="Mehrdimensionale Normalverteilung">multivariat normal</a>&nbsp;|
multivariat Student&nbsp;|
normalskaliert invers Gamma&nbsp;|
Normal-Gamma&nbsp;|
Poisson-Dirichlet
</p><p><b>Multivariate Matrixverteilungen:</b><br>
<a href="Gleichverteilung_auf_der_Stiefel-Mannigfaltigkeit" title="Gleichverteilung auf der Stiefel-Mannigfaltigkeit">Gleichverteilung auf der Stiefel-Mannigfaltigkeit</a>&nbsp;|
Invers Wishart&nbsp;|
Matrix Beta&nbsp;|
Matrix Gamma&nbsp;|
Matrix invers Beta&nbsp;|
Matrix invers Gamma&nbsp;|
Matrix Normal&nbsp;|
Matrix Student-t&nbsp;|
<a href="Matrix-Von-Mises-Fisher-Verteilung" title="Matrix-Von-Mises-Fisher-Verteilung">Matrix-Von-Mises-Fisher-Verteilung</a>&nbsp;|
Normal-invers-Wishart&nbsp;|
Normal-Wishart&nbsp;|
<a href="Wishart-Verteilung" title="Wishart-Verteilung">Wishart</a>
</p>
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